Development and implementation of the MIS

Development of Information Systems

a) Development and Implementation of the MIS

• Strategy: The development of MIS begins with strategic planning. This involves deciding the sequence in which systems and subsystems will be developed. Factors influencing this decision include the criticality of the system within the MIS, its size, complexity, and the users' familiarity with similar systems.
• Integration: MIS components are initially developed independently and then gradually integrated. This incremental approach ensures that each component functions correctly on its own before being combined with others. Integration expands the system's scope and capability to meet diverse information needs across the organization.
• Structured Approach: Systems with higher levels of structure and formalization tend to be more stable. This stability encompasses rules, procedures, decision-making processes, and overall business activities. Structured systems facilitate smoother interactions between users and designers, ensuring mutual understanding and effective collaboration.

b) Prototype Approach

• Complex Systems: When dealing with complex systems or when user requirements are not fully defined, a prototype approach is employed. Prototyping involves developing a preliminary version of the system to gather feedback and refine requirements iteratively.
• Iterative Process: Prototyping allows for continuous improvement based on user feedback and testing. It helps identify and rectify shortcomings or inadequacies in the initial design, ensuring that the final system meets user expectations and operational needs effectively.
• User Involvement: User participation is crucial in prototyping. It ensures that the system aligns with actual user needs and operational scenarios. Prototyping also facilitates understanding among multiple stakeholders, such as end-users, managers, and technical staff, enhancing overall system acceptance and usability.

c) Life Cycle Approach

• System Longevity: Certain MIS subsystems, like payroll or inventory management, have long life cycles characterized by stable inputs and outputs. These systems typically undergo periodic reviews or updates to adapt to changing organizational needs or technological advancements.
• Development: Systems with predictable life cycles are developed systematically. This includes detailed planning, structured development phases, rigorous testing, and deployment. Systematic development ensures reliability, scalability, and compatibility with other MIS components.
• Interface to MIS: Long-lived subsystems play a critical role as data sources within the broader MIS framework. Their stable operation and integration capabilities contribute to the overall effectiveness and reliability of the MIS in supporting organizational decision-making.

d) Implementation of the Management Information System

• Organizational Change: Implementing an MIS involves significant organizational change. It affects work processes, roles, and responsibilities, requiring careful management to ensure smooth transition and minimize disruption.
• Change Management: System designers act as change agents or catalysts during implementation. They facilitate user acceptance by addressing concerns, clarifying roles, and demonstrating the benefits of the new system. Effective change management fosters a positive organizational culture and encourages active participation from all stakeholders.
• User Engagement: Successful implementation hinges on user engagement and commitment. Designers must respect user requirements, encourage feedback, and ensure that the system meets operational needs effectively. User involvement also includes training and support to build competence and confidence in using the new MIS.
• Resistance Management: Resistance to change is a common challenge during MIS implementation. It may stem from factors such as fear of job security, reluctance to adopt new technologies, or skepticism about system benefits. Addressing resistance requires proactive communication, education, and creating a supportive environment where users feel valued and empowered.
• Lewin’s Model: Lewin's change management model suggests a three-step process: unfreezing, changing, and refreezing. Unfreezing involves preparing individuals and the organization for change. Changing entails implementing new processes and systems. Refreezing involves stabilizing the changes to embed them into organizational culture and practices effectively.

In summary, the development and implementation of MIS involve strategic planning, iterative development approaches like prototyping, systematic life cycle management for long-lived subsystems, effective change management to navigate organizational transitions, and proactive user engagement to ensure system acceptance and effectiveness. These practices collectively contribute to the successful deployment and utilization of MIS to support organizational goals and decision-making processes.